admin Plastering concrete surfaces is a critical component of construction that involves the application of lean mortar to enhance not only the visual aesthetics but also the durability and structural integrity of the surface. In this comprehensive guide, we delve into the intricacies of plastering concrete surfaces, encompassing various methods applicable to different types of concrete … Read more
In the realm of Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs), where governments and private entities collaborate to tackle infrastructure projects, risks abound. It is imperative for both public and private stakeholders to not only comprehend these risks but also devise strategies to mitigate them effectively. The allure of PPPs lies in the promise of rewards, but these rewards … Read more
Energy audits play a crucial role in identifying opportunities for energy efficiency improvements in buildings. The audit process is comprehensive and iterative, typically involving several tasks tailored to the specific type and function of the building being assessed. While the sequence of tasks may vary, a general procedure can be outlined to guide the audit … Read more
Thermoplastic composites represent a highly ductile material capable of being repaired even after prolonged service. Characterized by their high toughness, substantial strength, and unique ability to be remolded and recycled, these materials emerge as an optimal choice in various construction applications. Typically deployed in lightweight structures, storage tanks, door and window frames, as well as … Read more
Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composite is a type of material wherein a polymer is reinforced with fibers, falling into the category of composite materials. These materials are formed by dispersing particles of one or more materials within another material, creating a continuous network around them. Distinguishing itself from traditional construction materials like Steel and Aluminum, … Read more
Different types of Portland cement are manufactured to meet specific purposes, as outlined by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Designation C150, which specifies eight types: Type Name Type I Normal Type IA Normal, air entraining Type II Moderate sulfate resistance Type IIA Moderate sulfate resistance, air entraining Type III High early strength … Read more
Steel tanks are defined as vessels made of steel plates, utilized for storing various liquids such as water, petroleum, diesel, and kerosene oil. These tanks may be either placed on the ground or elevated on towers. When situated on the ground, they are supported either by cement concrete foundations or steel grillage foundations. Tanks with … Read more
The penetration value test on bitumen serves as a crucial measure of its hardness and consistency. Specifically, a bitumen grade like 80/100 signifies that its penetration value falls within the range of 80 to 100. This value is determined by the vertical distance penetrated by a standard needle into the bituminous material under specific conditions … Read more
In this subsection, various energy conservation measures (ECMs) commonly recommended for commercial and industrial facilities are discussed. It should be noted that the list of ECMs presented below is not exhaustive or comprehensive. Rather, it is provided to indicate options that energy auditors can consider during energy analyses. However, it is strongly advised that energy … Read more
Circular prestressing refers to the technique employed in reinforcing circular structures such as pipes and tanks by winding prestressing wires in circular patterns. This method stands in contrast to linear prestressing, which encompasses all other forms of prestressing where cables are straight or curved but not wound in circles around a circular structure. In the … Read more